Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert) (1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874.
Early life
Arthur was born on May 1, 1850 at Buckingham Palace. His mother was Queen Victoria, the reigning British monarch. His father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. As a son of the Sovereign, he was styled His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur from birth. The Prince was baptised in the Private Chapel at Buckingham Palace on 22 June 1850 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr John Bird Sumner and his godparents were: the Crown Prince of Prussia, Princess Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and the Duke of Wellington (with whom he shared his birthday and whom he was named after).
Army service
Like his elder brothers, he received his early education from tutors. Prince Arthur became interested in the army at early age. In 1866, he entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and received a commission as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers two years later. He later transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery and then to the Rifle Brigade.
Arthur had a long and distinguished career in the British Army that included service in South Africa, Canada, Ireland, Egypt in 1882 and in India from 1886 to 1890. On 1 April 1893, he was promoted to the rank of general. Arthur had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Duke of Cambridge, as commander-in-chief of the British Army, upon the latter's forced retirement in 1895. However, this was denied to him. Instead, he held command in the southern district of Aldershot from 1893 to 1898. Arthur became a Field Marshal on 26 June 1902. He served in various important positions thereafter, as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland (1900-1904); Inspector-General of the Forces (1904-1907), and as Governor General of Canada (1911-1916).
Marriage
On 13 March 1879, Arthur married Princess Luise Margarete of Prussia, the daughter of Prince Friedrich of Prussia and a grand-niece of the German Emperor Wilhelm I, at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The couple had three children:
- Princess Margaret of Connaught (15 January 1882 - 1 May 1920); married 15 June 1905 then-Crown Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden (11 November 1882 - 15 September 1973); and had issue.
- Prince Arthur of Connaught (13 January 1883 - 12 September 1938); married 15 October 1913 his cousin Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife (17 May 1891 - 26 February 1959); and had issue.
- Princess Patricia of Connaught (17 March 1886 - 12 January 1974); married 27 February 1919 Captain (later Admiral) Sir Alexander Ramsay (29 May 1881 - 8 October 1972) and renounced her title, becoming Lady Patricia Ramsay; and had issue.
The Duke and Duchess of Connaught acquired Bagshot Park in Surrey as their country home and after 1900 used Clarence House as their London residence.
Freemasonry
When his brother was obliged to resign the office upon his accession as Edward VII, Prince Arthur was elected Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and was annually reelected 37 times until 1939, when he was nearly 90.
Dukedom of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
In 1899, Arthur came into direct line of succession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Germany, upon the death of his nephew, the only son of his elder brother, the Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He decided, however, to renounce his own and his son's succession rights to the duchy, which then passed to his nephew, Prince Charles Edward, the posthumous son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.
Governor General of Canada
In 1911, the British government appointed Arthur to the post of Governor General of Canada. During Arthur's term of office as governor general, Sir Robert Borden was Prime Minister and Canada was making steady progress in its transformation from British colony to independent nation. Governors General however, were still appointed by the British, and Arthur was the first member of the British Royal Family to serve in the post (though his sister Princess Louise had been the wife of a previous Governor General, Lord Lorne), helping to strengthen ties between the British monarchy and Canada.
Arthur travelled to Canada, with his wife, the Duchess of Connaught, and his youngest daughter, Princess Patricia. They lived together at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, and travelled extensively throughout Canada. Arthur served as laiason between the British government and Canada during World War I. He re-laid the cornerstone of the burned-out federal parliament building in 1917. The stone had been set in the original buildin by Prince Albert Edward (later Edward VII) in 1860. Both the Duchess and Princess became popular figures in Canadian society. The Connaughts also made many improvements to Rideau Hall during the Arthur's term as Governor General.
World War One
|
||||||||||
In 1914, World War I broke out, with Canadians called to arms against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Connaughts remained in Canada at the beginning of the war. Arthur emphasized the need for military training and readiness for Canadian troops departing for war, and gave his name to Connaught Cup for the Royal North West Mounted Police, to encourage pistol marksmanship for recruits. He was active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted hospital visits, while the Duchess of Connaught worked for the Red Cross and other organizations to support the war cause. She was also Colonel-in-Chief of the Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Canadian Rangers battalion, one of the regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Their daughter, Princess Patricia, also lent her name and support to the raising of a new Canadian army regiment -- Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.
Following the war, Arthur commissioned a stained glass window in their memory which is located in St. Bartholomew's Church next to Rideau Hall, which the family attended regularly.
Later life
After his term at Rideau Hall, the Duke of Connaught returned to military service for the remainder of the war. The Duchess, who had been ill during their years at Rideau Hall, died in March 1917. The Duke withdrew from public life in 1928, and died 14 years later at Bagshot Park in 1942, at the age of 92. He was succeeded (briefly) in his dukedom by his grandson, Alastair Arthur Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught, the son of Prince Arthur and his wife, Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, a granddaughter of King Edward VII.
Legacy
- Connaught Hall, London, a University of London intercollegiate hall or residence
- Connaught Circle, principal shopping precinct of New Delhi
- In Canada, numerous schools, roads, parks, and a military regiment are named for the first Duke, dating from his term as Governor General
Titles and Honours
Royal Titles
- His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur (1850-1874)
- His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1874-1942)
- His Royal Highness The Governor General of Canada (1911-1916)
Honours
- Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1867)
- Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (1869)
- Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick (1869)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (1870)
- Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (1877)
- Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (1887)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1896)
- Grand Master and Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (1898)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (1917)
- Royal Victorian Chain
- Privy Counsellor (1871)
- Bailiff Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem
- Volunteer Officers' Decoration (1892)
- Territorial Decoration (1934)
| Preceded by: The Lord Roberts of Kandahar |
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland 1900–1904 |
Succeeded by: The Lord Grenfell |
| Preceded by: The Prince of Wales |
Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England 1901–1939 |
Succeeded by: The Duke of Kent |
| Great Master of the Order of the Bath 1901–1942 |
Succeeded by: The Duke of Gloucester |
|
| Preceded by: The Earl Grey |
Governor General of Canada 1911–1916 |
Succeeded by: The Duke of Devonshire |
| Preceded by: New Creation |
Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 1874–1942 |
Succeeded by: Alistair Windsor |
 |
Governors General of Canada |  |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Monck | Lisgar | Dufferin | Lorne | Lansdowne | Stanley | Aberdeen | Minto | Grey | Connaught | Devonshire | Byng | Willingdon | Bessborough | Tweedsmuir | Athlone | Alexander | Massey | Vanier | Michener | Léger | Schreyer | Sauvé | Hnatyshyn | LeBlanc | Clarkson | Jean | |||
