Berkshire

**Berkshire**

Geography
Status	Ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county (no county council)
Origin	Historic
Region	South East England
Area - Total	Ranked 40th 1,262 km²
NUTS 3	UKJ11
Demographics
Population - Total (2004 est.) - Density	Ranked 26th 805,700 637 / km²
Ethnicity	88.7% White 6.8% S.Asian 2.0% Afro-Carib.
Politics

Members of Parliament	Adam Afriyie Richard Benyon Andrew Mackay Fiona Mactaggart Theresa May John Redwood Martin Salter Rob Wilson
Districts
West Berkshire (Unitary) Reading (Unitary) Wokingham (Unitary) Bracknell Forest (Unitary) Windsor and Maidenhead (Unitary) Slough (Unitary)

Berkshire (IPA: [ˈbɑːkʃə] or [ˈbɑːkʃɪə] ; sometimes abbreviated to Berks) is a county in England and forms part of the South East England region. It is also often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which goes back to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1958, and Letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.

Berkshire borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Wiltshire, Hampshire and the London region.

History

The county is one of the oldest in England, being reliably dated back to the setting of the traditional county borders by King Alfred the Great of Wessex. The county takes its name from a large forest of birch trees that was called Bearroc (Celtic for 'hilly') and was originally a transaction of land to King Cenwalh of Wessex. At this time, it only consisted of the northerly and westerly parts of the current county.

Berkshire has been the scene of many battles throughout history, during Alfred the Great's campaign against the Danes, including the Battle of Englefield, the Battle of Ashdown and the Battle of Reading. During the English Civil War there were two battles in Newbury. During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, there was a second Battle at Reading, also known as the 'Battle of Broad Street'.

Reading became the new county town in 1867, taking over from Abingdon which remained in the county. Following the Local Government Act 1972, Abingdon and the Vale of the White Horse became part of Oxfordshire while Slough, which had been within Buckinghamshire, became part of Berkshire.

On 1 April 1998 Berkshire County Council was abolished and the districts became unitary authorities. Unlike similar reforms elsewhere at the same time, the non-metropolitan county was not abolished. Signs saying 'Welcome to the Royal County of Berkshire' have all but disappeared but may still be seen on the borders of West Berkshire District, on the east side of Virginia Water, and on the M4.

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Berkshire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added⁴	Agriculture¹	Industry²	Services³
1995	10,997	53	2,689	8,255
2000	18,412	40	3,511	14,861
2003	21,119	48	3,666	17,406

Note 1: includes hunting and forestry

Note 2: includes energy and construction

Note 3: includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Note 4: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

Geology, landscape and ecology

From a landscape perspective, Berkshire divides into two clearly distinct sections with the boundary lying roughly on a north-south line through the centre of Reading.

The eastern section of Berkshire lies largely to the south of the River Thames, with that river forming the northern boundary of the county. In two places (Slough and Reading) the county now includes land to the north of the river. Tributaries of the Thames, including the Loddon and Blackwater increase the amount of low lying rivurine land in the area. Beyond the flood plains, the land rises gently to the county boundaries with Surrey and Hampshire. Much of this area is still well wooded, especially around Bracknell and Windsor Great Park.

In the west of the county and heading upstream, the Thames veers away to the north of the (current) county boundary, leaving the county behind at the Goring Gap. This is a narrow part of the otherwise quite broad river valley where, at the end of the last Ice Age, the Thames forced its way between the Chiltern Hills (to the north of the river in Oxfordshire) and the Berkshire Downs.

As a consequence, the western portion of the county is situated around the valley of the River Kennet, which joins the Thames in Reading. Fairly steep slopes on each side delineate the river's flat floodplain. To the south, the land rises steeply to the nearby county boundary with Hampshire, and the highest parts of the county lie here. The highest of these is Walbury Hill at 297m (974ft), which is also the highest point in South East England.

To the north of the Kennet, the land rises again to the Berkshire Downs. This is a hilly area, with smaller and well-wooded valleys draining into the River Pang and its tributaries, and open upland areas famous for their involvement in horse racing and the consequent ever-present training gallops.

As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Summer Snowflake as the county flower.

Demographics

According to 2003 estimates there are 803,657 people in Berkshire, or 636 people / km². The population is mostly based in the urban areas to the east of the county, with West Berkshire being much more rural.

The population has increased massively since 1831, this may be in part due to the sweeping boundary changes however. In 1831 there were 146,234 people living in Berkshire, by 1901 it had risen to 252,571 (of which 122,807 were male and 129,764 were female).

Population of Berkshire:

1831: 146,234
1841: 161,759
1851: 170,065
1861: 176,256
1871: 196,475
1881: 218,363
1891: 238,709
1901: 252,571

Politics

**Traditional county of Berkshire**

Geography
Area - Total - % Water	Ranked 35th 462,210 acres ? %
County town	Abingdon until 1867, then Reading
Chapman code	BRK

Berkshire is a ceremonial county and (with different boundaries) a traditional county, and it is unusual in England in that it is the only non-metropolitan county with multiple districts but no county council. The district councils are unitary authorities but have no county status.

In the unitary authorities the Conservatives control the West Berkshire, Wokingham and Bracknell Forest councils, Labour control Reading council, whilst the Liberal Democrats control the Windsor and Maidenhead council. Slough is controlled jointly between the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives.

Since the 2005 general election, the Conservative Party dominates, controlling 6 out of 8 constituencies. Slough and Reading West are both represented by the Labour Party.

Places of interest

Key
	National Trust
	English Heritage
	Forestry Commission
	Country Park
	Accessible open space
	Museums (free/not free)
	Heritage railway
	Historic House

Ashdown House
Basildon Park
Berkshire Downs
Bisham Abbey
California Country Park
Combe Gibbet
Donnington Castle
Eton College
Frogmore House
Lardon Chase, the Holies and Lough Down
Legoland Windsor
Museum of English Rural Life
Museum of Reading
Reading Abbey
Walbury Hill
Windsor Castle
Windsor Great Park

United Kingdom | England | Ceremonial counties of England

Counties of the Lieutenancies Act 1997

United Kingdom | England | Traditional counties of England

Counties that originate prior to 1889

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