Michael Linton's Bayeux Tapestry: 1066 - A Medieval Mosaic and Puzzles

INTRODUCTION.
--------*--------

The famous Roll of Battle Abbey is believed to have been compiled in obedience to a clause in the Conqueror's foundation charter, that enjoined the monks to pray for the souls of those "who by their labour and valour had helped to win the kingdom."^[3] The great Sussex Abbey that was "the token and pledge of the Royal Crown," had been intended to be not only a memorial of his victory, but a chantry for the slain; and the names of his companions-in-arms, enshrined on this bede-roll, might thus be read out in the church on special occasions, and notably on the anniversary feast of St. Celict. It was most likely originally copied from the muster-roll of the Norman knights, that had been prepared by the Duke's orders before his embarkation, and was called over in his presence on the field of battle, the morning after it had been fought.^[4] The list, thus composed, was inscribed on a roll of parchment, and hung up in the Abbey Minster, with this superscription:

"Dicitur a bello 'BELLUM' locus hic, quia bello
Angligenae victi sunt in morte relicti,
Martyris in Christi festo cecidere Calixti.
Sexagenus erat sextus millesimus annus.
Cum pereunt Angli, Stella monstrante cometa."^[5]

With it were preserved two other mementos of the conquest of England. King William's sword,^[6] and the robe he had worn at his coronation, and specially bequeathed to the monks by his will. This "royal pallium was beautifully ornamented with gold and very costly gems, and three hundred amulets suitably fabricated of gold and silver, many of which were attached to chains of those metals, and contained innumerable relics of the saints;" and he also gave "a feretory in the form of an altar, in which likewise were many relics, and upon which, in his expedition, mass had been accustomed to be celebrated."—Battel Abbey Chronicle. These relics, according to Mr. Lower (the translator of the Chronicle) "must have been the same with those which William had, in 1065, surreptitiously introduced under the portable altar upon which he had compelled Harold to take a solemn oath to assist him in his designs upon England. In the Bayeux Tapestry, where the scene is represented, Harold is placing his right hand upon an altar in form of a feretory."

But these precious bequests were not suffered to remain untouched for more than ten years from the date of the Conqueror's death. Before the end of the century, Henry, second Abbot of Battle, cut off and sold some of the gold and silver chains and amulets of the coronation robe, to make up a sum of money that had been demanded of him by William Rufus; and the remainder of these valuables were finally disposed of by his successor, who invested the proceeds in land. They had been gradually dropping off and disappearing—even some of the jewels of the feretory were missing, lost or "despoiled by unfortunate mischances," and it was probably judged wisest to put the rest out of the reach of temptation. For the relics they had enshrined, a reliquary was provided, and solemnly consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester.

Nor did the Roll fare any better. As time went on, it became more and more an object of ambition to own an ancestor that had come over with the Conqueror; and the monks were always found willing to oblige a liberal patron by inserting his name. "Such hath been the subtilty of some Monks of old, that, finding it acceptable unto most, to be reputed descendants to those who were Companions with Duke William in that memorable Expedition whereby he became Conqueror of this Realm, as that, to gratify them (but not without their own advantage) they inserted their Names into this antient Catalogue."—Dugdale. Camden likewise speaks of these interpolations. "Whosoever considers well shall find them always to be forged, and those names inserted which the time in every age favoured, and were never mentioned in that authenticated record." Thus its value as an authority is irretrievably lost; and though the earlier genealogists and county historians often quote and refer to it, it has latterly been altogether discredited and condemned. Like many of the other familiar credences of our forefathers it has fallen into disgrace and suffered obloquy. Sir Egerton Brydges, in the Censura Literaria, calls it "a disgusting forgery:" Mr. Freeman, "a source of falsehood" and "a transparent fiction;" the author of 'The Norman People' declares that its date is "a mere myth, depending on the authority of some unknown herald of the sixteenth century:" while another writer (in the Sussex Archaeologia), settles the question according to the summary process by which Garibaldi disposed of the claims of poor St. Peter, and declares that it never existed at all.

It is at least certain that it does not exist now: nor is it precisely known what has become of it. According to family tradition, it passed into the possession of Sir Anthony Browne, Master of the Horse to Henry VIII., who in 1538 received a grant of "the house and site of the late Monastery of Battel in Sussex" about three months after it had been taken possession of by the Royal Commissioners. He commenced building a manor house there, which was completed by his son Viscount Montague, but seldom occupied by his descendants, who transferred their residence to Cowdray, in the western division of the county: and finally, in 1717, the sixth Viscount sold the place to Sir Godfrey Webster. The three precious memorials of the Conquest, the King's sword, his despoiled pallium, and the Roll of Battle Abbey, were then, with several other curious and interesting relics of the former monastery, removed to Cowdray, and perished in the great fire of 1793 (see Browne). This is the only explanation I have ever heard given of the disappearance of the Roll; and though I can certainly furnish no proofs in confirmation of the statement, there would seem to be no particular reason for doubting its probability.

Nothing, at all events, now remains to us but copies of this celebrated record. Of these there are three; one published by Leland in his Collectanea, which was the first that ever appeared: another in Holinshed's Chronicle, dated 1577: and a third printed a few years later by Stowe, and afterwards copied by Duchesne, who received it from Camden. There are at least ten—if not more—other lists of the Norman Conquerors; but none of them even pretend to have any connection with the bede-roll of Battle Abbey.

One solitary exception, however, must, according to the old adage, prove the rule. This, which shall be number one in our catalogue, is a list published by Hearne, and taken from the collections of William of Worcester, a chronicler of the fifteenth century. It is prefaced by the five Latin lines (already quoted) that are given by Holinshed, with the addition of a sixth—

"Et tunc praeteritos numerus praesens notat annus;"

referring to the number CCCLIII. in a marginal note. This is supposed to indicate that the list was written three hundred and fifty-three years after the battle, which would give the date 1419, when William of Worcester was a boy of four years old. Hearne believes that it was "undoubtedly copied from some noted register of Battle Abbey, from which register the Tetrastich, which heads it, was, in all probability, also taken; but whether in actual connection with the list of names is not apparent. I certainly do not consider," he continues, "that the names were taken from the well-known Roll of which Leland made use, and which clearly differs from this register, as in fact it does from that given by John Stowe; but whatever the register may have been, it was certainly a noteworthy monument of antiquity, and the time-honoured names it enrolls deserve to be cherished by all interested in antiquity." Quite true; but they are so mangled and distorted by their strange orthography as to be mostly unrecognizable. Take the following specimens—Seintbrewel: Wadel: Spigurnel: Tupz: Butet: Punchet: Pachet: Parli: Cunli: Cicerli: Wilbi: Spinevile: Ferebrace: Feteplace: Gunter: Carli: Brok: Kusas: Escot: Figarvi: Kosni, &c. As far as we are enabled to judge, these maltreated patronymics are not found on our Roll.

The second list—an additional one furnished by Leland—is entitled 'Un role de ceux queux veignont in Angleterre ovesque roy William le Conquerour:' and gives fifty-eight names, declaring "Tous ycels seigners desus nome estoient a la retenaunce Monseir de Moion." This (as has been shown by Mr. Planche in his Companions of the Conqueror) is simply a transcript of the list given in the Roman de Rou of the leaders at the Battle of Hastings, from line 13,621 of the poem to 13,761.

The third is contained in the Chronicle of John Brompton, Abbot of Jervaulx in Yorkshire a.d. 1436. He tells us that he found it written (without informing us where), and introduces it in a piece of old French verse, in which he announces his intention of giving a catalogue of those who came over with the Conqueror. But, finding that the names given at the font are often changed, as Edmund into Edward, Baldwin into Bernard, Godwin into Godard, and Elys into Edwine, he will content himself with giving the surnames only, which were not changed. Then follow two hundred and forty of these, arranged in rhythmical order, beginning with

"Maundevyle et Daundeville,"

and ending with

"Straunge et Sauvage,"

all of which, he adds, were then in common use in England.

The fourth, now in the Harleian Library, claims to be taken from a MS. of Matthew of Westminster in the library of All Souls College.

The fifth, in the same collection, is an English poem, entitled, 'The names of Northmen and French that came in with William the Conqueror.' These follow in alternate rhymes, commencing

"Percye and Browne, the Malet and Bewchampe,
Menile-Vilers, and eke the Umfravile:"

to the number of two hundred and forty.

The sixth, in the same collection, is considerably longer, consisting of about five hundred and forty names in all. The first given are

"Dominus Percy, Magnus Constabellarius;
Dominus Mowbray, Mariscallus;
Dominus Radulphus de Mortuo-mari omnium strenuissimus velut alter Samson leonina ferocitate:"

These, however, are the only flights of fancy in which the author indulges, and he then proceeds with due sobriety; beginning with Ayncourt, and Bardolf, and ending with Percely and Perer.

The seventh, in the same collection, classes the names according to their terminal syllables, as: Bastard, Baygnard, Brassard, Maignard, &c.: and comprises about four hundred.

The eighth, of three hundred and eighty names, is printed by Fuller in his 'Church History,' and is arranged alphabetically, beginning with Archerd, Averenges, and ending with Yvoire.

The ninth immediately precedes the Battle Abbey Roll in Holinshed's Chronicle. "We have here," he tells us, "in a table noted all the noble captains and gentlemen of name, as well Normans as other strangers, which assisted Duke William in the conquest of this land, as we find them written in the chronicles of Normandie by one William Tailleur." This list begins with

"Odo bishop of Bayeux," and ends with

"The erle of Hiesmes."

One hundred and sixty-eight names are given, but of these several are duplicates. For instance, we have both "Hue de Gourney, alias Geneuay," and "Hue erle of Gournay" (the only instance in which he appears as an Earl): "Le seig. de Aurenchin," and "Richard d'Aurinchin;" "Le seig. de Touarts," and "Amaury de Touars," &c, &c. It is admitted to be very incomplete, for Holinshed adds at the end: "With other lords and men of account in great number, whose names the author of the chronicles of Normandie could not come by (as he himself confesseth). In consideration thereof, and bicause diverse of these are set foorth onlie by their titles of estate, and not by their surnames; we have thought it convenient to make you partakers of the roll which sometime belonged to Battell Abbeie, conteining also (as the title thereof importeth) the names of such Nobles and Gentlemen of Marque, as came at this time with the Conqueror, whereof diverse may be the same persons which in the catalog above written are conteined, bearing the name of the places whereof they were possessours and owners, as by the same catalog maie appeare." Then follows "The Roll of Battell Abbeie."

The tenth is modern, having been inaugurated at the celebration of the eighth centenary of the battle, when it was solemnly affixed on a tablet in the ancient Church of Dives. For it was this small seaport on the coast of Normandy—now almost unknown—that had been the appointed trysting-place of the Conqueror's fleet in 1066; and it was in the church now standing that he offered up his parting prayer. I have given a copy of this list (v. p. xxxi.); only varying its arrangement by placing the surnames, instead of the Christian names, in their alphabetical order, as it can thus be more easily used as a reference. It is entitled 'Companions of William the Conqueror at the Conquest of England in 1066': and was compiled with much care and labour by M. Leopold Delisle, the greatest antiquarian authority in France, who professes to give no name that is not vouched for by some deed or document of the period. In many (perhaps most) instances it appears to be taken from Domesday Book: and it is especially useful as furnishing, besides the Christian names, the correct French spelling of the surnames. But it is to be regretted that he has in no case cited an authority, or given a reference. M. de Magny reproduces this list in his 'Nobiliaire de Normandie,' with the addition of fifty names "that his researches in the Norman and English archives have enabled him to include." He, too, eschews references; and I am curious to know upon what authority he has included Courtenay.

There are probably other MS. lists with which I am not acquainted. All those I have mentioned, though very evidently the work of different hands, resemble each other in so far that they have many names in common. With these, however, we have not here to do, as only one of them (as I have already said) professes to derive its authority from the Roll of Battle, and they do not in the least resemble it in their arrangement. Leland, Holinshed, and Duchesne therefore alone remain in the field as its interpreters.

Leland himself affords us no information respecting his list; for the two pages that precede it, as well as the four that follow it, are left blank in his MS. It is certain that he visited Battle Abbey, for he makes mention of the place, and gives a catalogue of the Latin books in the monks' library; and Browne Willis, and others declare this to have been "the table of the Norman gentry which came into England with the Conqueror, preserved by the monks of Battle." I think I shall be able to show that this is borne out by internal evidence; but I will begin with the two acknowledged copies of the Roll—Holinshed's and Duchesne's.

When placed side by side, as I have here printed them (see p. xix.), it seems to me that no dispassionate person can doubt their common origin. In both, the names are arranged alphabetically, and (in spite of many gaps, and some differences of orthography) follow each other in the same order. Duchesne's copyist evidently did not relish his task, and skipped as much as he decently could; and thus, while Holinshed gives us six hundred and twenty-nine names, only four hundred and seven are to be found in Duchesne. As the work progresses, we see how he becomes puzzled as well as weary, and now and again helplessly loses his way in the entangling labyrinth of names. In the letter M he inverts the order altogether, by putting some last that should be first; and in his impatience to conclude his irksome labours, hurries over T, V, and W, leaving more and more yawning blanks as he goes. Yet, careless and ill done as his copy is, it provides us with forty names that are left out by Holinshed, and in several cases restores the proper spelling. What further liberties Holinshed's transcriber may have taken with the Roll we can only conjecture, but, from the number of duplicates to be found on his list, we may safely conclude that he was neither very painstaking nor very accurate. Nor ought we to forget that in neither case were these copies transcribed from the original, but taken from other copies that had probably undergone similar manipulation. Many of the lapses and omissions complained of in the Battle Roll thus admit of an easy explanation. A more trifling degree of negligence than that displayed (for instance) by Duchesne's scribe, would account for the disappearance of all the missing names that have an undoubted right to a place on a roll of the Conquerors of England. There are certainly not a few of them; but in this respect some copies appear to be more defective than others.^[7] The one so severely handled by Sir Egerton Brydges must have been unusually meagre and imperfect, for he complains that it omits "among many others to be found in Domesday Book or other good authorities, the great names of Ferrers, Stafford, Gifford, Mohun, Malet, Mandeville, Baliol, Salisbury, Speke, Tony, Vesci, Byron, Gernon, Scales, St. Valery, Montfort, Montgomery, Churchill, Lovet, Lincoln, Pauncefoot, De Salsay, De Rie, De Brioniis, De Romare, De Vipount, De Creon, De Grentemesnil, Montfichet, Tatsall, &c." Yet, of these thirty names, ten only; that is, Baliol (which I believe appears as Bailif: see p. 76), Speke (or Espec), St. Valery, Churchill (Corcelles), Lovet, Pauncefoot, De Salsay, De Creon, De Romare, and Tatsall, are in reality absent; for the Earl of Salisbury is represented (as it is obvious he would be) by his surname of D'Evreux, Stafford by De Toesni, and Lincoln by De Gaunt. Even the reprints published by Sir Bernard Burke in 1848 ('The Roll of Battle Abbey, Annotated') are very far from being blameless in this particular, for eleven names are left out in Holinshed's copy, and two in Duchesne's. I should, however, be the last person in the world to throw a stone at these sorely tried transcribers, for I can vouch for the difficulty of the task imposed upon them. No one who has not personally attempted it (and I have myself done so more than once) can conceive how tedious and laborious it is to copy the Roll; nor how persistently the rows of disconnected names, piled one upon another, seem to slip out of their places.

Leland's list, to which I now come, seems at first sight to be wholly different from the others, though the names are in truth almost all the same. This is simply owing to their arrangement, for they are here strung together in rude rhymes, most probably as an aid to the memory. There are four hundred and ninety-five names, comprised in two hundred and forty-seven lines, for each line consists of two names (in one solitary case there are three), generally beginning with the same initial letter; but, beyond this, no attempt is made to class them in alphabetical order. Now and then two successive lines commence with the same letter, and once we find as many as three; but these are merely the exceptions that prove the rule. Consequently, they are jumbled together in such utter confusion, that it seems hopeless to recognize any connection between them and the symmetrically arrayed columns of their compeers. Nevertheless, the connection is to be found. I took the trouble of sorting these lines, arranging them alphabetically (according to their first letter) in the order in which they occurred; and discovered that out of the four hundred and ninety-five names, one hundred and seventy-five followed each other as they did in Holinshed. By making some allowance for faulty spelling, and admitting names that are placed together in inverted order (probably to suit the metre) this number may be increased to two hundred and seventy-eight or more. Surely it would be idle to treat such a result as an accidental coincidence. Elsewhere the list, thus arranged, is printed at full length (see p. xxviii), in order that all may have an opportunity of judging for themselves; but I will here give, as a sample, the first part of the names commencing with the letter C.

HOLINSHED.	LELAND.
Camois	Camoys et Cameville
Camuille
Chawent	Chavent et Chauncy
Chauncy
Conderay	Soucheville, Coudrey et Colleville
Coluile
Chamberlaine
Champernoun	Chaumberlayn et Chaumberoun
Comin
Columber	Comyn et Columber
Cribet
Creuquere	Griketot et Grevequer
Corbine
Corbett	Corby et Gorbet
Chaundos
Chaworth	Chaundoys et Chaward
Cleremaus	Challouns et Challeys
Clarell	Clerevalx et Clarell
Chopis
Chaunduit	Chapes et Chauduit

It will be seen that there are three additions on Leland's side; but, if we eliminate these (Soucheville is plainly an afterthought edged in, for this happens to be the only line that has three names), and admit, with a few other discrepancies of spelling, the counterchange of G for C—not uncommon in old writings—the analogy is almost complete. The single exception, Cribet, I believe stands for Criket, the abbreviation of Criquetot. Leland's is probably what we should call "a popular edition" in the present day; curtailed in length, and rendered more palatable, as well as more easy to repeat and remember, by its jangle of rhyme. He begins, as Holinshed does, with Aumarle and Aincourt, and restores to us at least forty names that are given neither by the latter or Duchesne. He enables us to note the exact place where Avenel, Byron, Vipont, &c, stood on the original Roll; and in many cases also helps us to recover the original spelling. Thus, for example, "Pygot et Percy" identifies the name given as Pery in Holinshed and Pecy in Duchesne.

The spelling is in fact the principal difficulty that we have to contend with in attempting to decipher the Roll; and no one has yet thought it worth their while to grapple with it fairly. Sir Egerton Brydges dismisses the list with a very cursory inspection; and Sir Bernard Burke, in his published 'Annotations,' takes notice of no more than two hundred and nine of Holinshed's six hundred and twenty-nine names, passing over in silence the additional one hundred and eleven found in Duchesne and Leland. Nor does his reprint aid us in our search for the correct orthography, but considerably adds to our impediments, as he makes eighty-six mistakes in copying Holinshed's list, and twelve in copying Duchesne's. Many of these are unimportant; but in some cases, such as Orival—given Ounell—the name of the great house of De Aureavalle becomes unrecognizable. Mallory is disguised as Mallony, Noers becomes Noell, Avverne Arwerne, Beteville Beteurville, Filioll Folioll, Taverner Tavernez, &c. There is another very evident error. The two names given by Holinshed as Mountmartin and Miners thus appear in Duchesne's copy:

"Mountmartin
yners."

The letter M has clearly here been lost by some typographical accident. Yet the names are at once joined together as Mountmartin Yners!

There can be no possible difference of opinion as to the fact that all the three copies which we possess of the Roll are more or less mis-spelt. Many of the names, as they stand, are unintelligible. No doubt this is chiefly owing to the negligence or misapprehension of the scribes, but we must not, on the other hand, lose sight of the latitude to be allowed to all ancient writers in that respect. Before entering upon this vexed question of spelling, we must lay aside all our modern notions (I will not call them prejudices) in regard to the observances, distinctions, and exigencies that surround it in the present day. We live in an age when people are punctilious and fastidious as to the way in which their names are spelt; when we should wound the susceptibilities of Mr. Smijth, Mr. Smythe,^[8] or Mr. Smyth, if we inadvertently mistook them for Mr. Smith; when any one whose patronymic began with two little f's would be roused to just indignation by seeing it written with one large F. But it was far otherwise in mediaeval times. Men wrote their names—when they could write at all—in any way that occurred to them at the moment, for there was neither rule nor precedent to guide them. Mr. Henry Drummond, in his 'Noble British Families,' quotes eighteen different ways of spelling Nevill that he had met with in deeds and records; Nash, in his 'History of Worcestershire,' gives us twenty-three versions of Percy: and this uncertainty, if we are to judge by the example of Shakespeare, still continued in the sixteenth century. Again, al and au, beau and bel, mau and mal, are synonyms; and val and ville (at least in the Roll) are treated in a similar way. V and F, S and C, C and G, G and W, V and W, W and M, are also used indiscriminately to produce the same sound. Nor should we fail to remember how easy it is to confound one letter with another in the old black letter character. The u and n are there as undistinguishable as they are in the "running hand" of our own times.

Sir Francis Palgrave mentions "the strange tricks produced by the ambiguity of the form of the n and the u in ancient manuscripts. It is very remarkable that in the old times, themselves, the very persons holding the names, either from caprice or ignorance confounded them. The name of Septvans or Septvaus affords a curious example of the fact, that in the black letter days, the old scribes could not always be certain of their own writing."—(See Vauville, vol. iii., p. 239.) The distinctions between them in the printed lists, given, as they must be, by guesswork, are very generally wrong. Further, the w easily merges into m; the s, so unlike an l in our modern print, becomes its twin sister as the black letter f, and is several times given for it. I might easily multiply these instances of confusion. Yet, with all such considerations to aid me in forming conjectures and solving difficulties, there remain eleven names of which I can make absolutely nothing, and have had to abandon as impregnable.

The antiquity of these names can, on account of the admitted interpolations, only be accepted with great reserve. But Sir Egerton Brydges does them injustice when he stigmatizes the Roll as an imposture, because of "the insertion of families who did not come to England till a subsequent period, and of surnames which were not adopted for some ages after the Conquest: of which, the greater part of the list is composed. If the Roll of Battle Abbey had been genuine, it must have received confirmation from that authentic record of the reign of Henry II., the Liber Niger Scaccarii, published by Hearne, but no two registers can less agree." This is hard measure, for out of the seven hundred and forty names that I have here taken into account, by far the greater number actually receive this confirmation, and are to be found in the Liber Niger. Others may be recovered from the chartularies of the different religious houses. It is, however, in the pages of Domesday Book that we must chiefly look for clues to the interpretation of the list; and if the 'Recherches sur le Domesday, ou Liber Censualis d'Angleterre,' so admirably conceived and commenced by MM. Lechaud d'Anisy and de St. Marie, had ever been carried out to the end, we might seldom have sought in vain. The principal difficulty we encounter in dealing with the great Survey is, that by far the greater number of the persons entered are designated by no other than their Christian name, and can only be identified by means of patient and laborious investigation. Most of the great land-owners had the same sub-tenants in Normandy as in England, who can thus be traced through their suzerains; and these Norman antiquaries, thoroughly acquainted as they had made themselves with the contemporary families in the Duchy, knowing their kindred, their domiciles, their intermarriages, and the deeds and charters relating to their property, can generally decide to which of them each belonged. They likewise give us some valuable information as to the rules that then prevailed regarding the adoption of surnames (see Averenges). But the letter A alone was finished, and appeared as long ago as 1842; nor is there, as I understand, any prospect of the work being resumed. The Dives Roll, again, helps us to decipher some of these disfigured names; and Mr. Lower, in his 'English Surnames,' followed by the author of 'The Norman People,' have done us rare service in tracing out the corruptions and transformations that the Norman nomenclature has undergone in this country. A large proportion of the names on the Roll appear in this debased form: ^[9] and some even, through the ignorance or inattention of the monks, are given over again in their modern spelling, such as Limesay, repeated as Lindsay, Mucegros, as Musgrave, &c. But it is clear that the list must have been several times rewritten, as, from its alphabetical order, very few additions could have been managed without incurring this necessity.

The number of these interpolations would seem to have been grossly exaggerated. If, with Sir Egerton Brydges, we admit (as I think we are justified in doing) that all those families which appear in the Liber Niger or occur in the twelfth century may be fairly assumed to date from the Conquest in England, most of our seven hundred and forty names are at once ratified; and of the remainder but few are excluded from the benefit of a doubt. So far from being "principally composed" of impostors and intruders, the Roll contains not more than ten proved interpolations.

Of this great array of time-honoured names, very few are now borne by representatives in the male line. Some descendants survive under the name of their manors, for which, according to an early mediaeval practice still prevalent in Scotland, they exchanged their own; more still are probably lost to sight in poverty and obscurity, and have dropped all the links that connected them with their former degree. I fully believe that the class included in this latter category, though unknown and almost unsuspected, is a very considerable one, for nothing is more striking than the extent and variety of the ramifications belonging to each family that are brought to light by a careful inspection of its history. They are so numerous that, from want of time and space, I have, in most cases, not attempted to deal with them. Genealogists, as a rule, are solely occupied with making out the descent of a title or estate; and thus the erratic female baronies, conveyed by heiresses, are sedulously traced through a succession of often uninteresting families, while the disinherited younger branches of the parent stock are ignored. These must, of necessity, have frequently sunk into insignificance and passed out of notice, gradually falling, into the lower stratum of the social scale. I will quote a remarkable instance of this. "In 1872 a vessel was lying in the Thames, about to take its departure for Tasmania. It conveyed as passengers three hundred navvies, who had been engaged to proceed to the Colonies, to complete an intended railway. They were all on board, when a fatal collision at night sent the vessel and every human being on board to the bottom.

"The list of the drowned passengers appeared in the public journals. It included a large number of purely Norman names. Several names were there recognized as formerly baronial and historical; and one baronial name the writer there discovered, the existence of which in England in the present age he had never before ascertained."—The Norman People. The great Norman name of De Venoix, transformed into Veness, is very common among the farm-labourers in the neighbourhood of Battle Abbey; and many Vaseys or Veseys, humble representatives of the powerful De Vescis, may still be found lingering in the county of Durham. But the authenticated male descents remain few and far between.

I do not imagine that the present generation would invest much money in having their names added to the Battle Abbey Roll. In these days the monks would have driven but a sorry trade; and they were fortunate in living at a time when those who have gone before were more highly esteemed than they are now. The pride of ancestry has in a great measure passed away; for the fast-rising wave of democracy day by day obliterates the old landmarks and traditions that were once held dear. Far removed, indeed, are we from the period when the gentleman's right to bear arms was considered so high a privilege, that Henry V.

offered it as a boon to those who had fought by his side at Agincourt^[10] Heraldic bearings may now be assumed by any one who chooses to pay the coachmaker to mint them on his carriage,^[11] and names and even peerages are bandied about without reference to any right of blood. It is a humiliating reflection that any swindler or scoundrel may, without incurring a legal penalty, call himself by an honourable and "unblamed" name, adopt its coat of arms, and drag it about in the dirt in all parts of the world. More lamentable is the belief so rapidly taking root among us, that money stands in lieu of all else; that the highest social position, and the good opinion and respect of our fellow-men, will always wait upon riches, and belong to their fortunate possessor.^[12] The transmitted splendour of a glorious or venerated name, the honours gained on the field or at the council board, weigh but lightly in the scale that is so easily turned by gold.

Some, however, I trust there are, to whom the great names of the past remain a living memory; who shape their course in this world under a deep sense of the responsibility of bearing them; and fill their appointed positions and do their appointed work

"Commanded
By the dead gaze of all their ancestors."

To them, I feel I owe an apology for this cursory and imperfect retrospect. The subject deserves to be treated by an abler hand than mine; and if developed to its full proportions, would embrace nearly the whole of the eight last centuries of the History of England.

HOLINSHED'S ROLL	DUCHESNE'S
A.	A.
Aumarle	Aumerle
Aincourt
Audeley	Audeley
Adgillam	Angilliam
Argentoune	Argentoun
Arundell	Arundell
Auenant	Auenant
Abell	Abel
Auuerne
Aunwers
Angers	Avvgers
Angenoun	Angenoun
Archere	Archer
Anuay
Asperuile	Asperuile
Abbeuile
Andeuile
Amouerduile	Amonerduile
Arcy and Akeny	Arey
	Akeny
Albeny	Albeny
Aybeuare
Amay
Aspermound	Asperemound
Amerenges
B.	B.
Bertram	Bertram
Buttecourt	Buttecourt
Brebus and Byseg	Brash us
	Byseg
Bardolfe	Bardolf
Basset and Bigot	Basset
Bohun	Bohun
Bailif	Baylife
Bondeuile	Bondeuile
Brabason	Barbason
Baskeruile
	Beer
Bures	Bures
Bounilaine	Bonylayne
Bois
Botelere
Bourcher
Brabaion	Barbayon
Berners	Berners
Braibuf	Braybuf
Brande and Bronce	Brand
	Bonuile
Burgh	Burgh
Bushy	Busshy
Banet
Blondell	Blundell
Breton	Breton
	Belasyse
	Bowser
Bluat and Baious	Bayons
	Bulmere
Browne	Broune
Beke	Beke
Bickard
	Bowlers
Banastre	Banestre
Baloun
	Belomy
	Belknape
Beauchampe	Beauchamp
Bray and Bandy	Bandy
Bracy
Boundes
Bascoun
Broilem
Broleuy	Broyleby
Burnell	Burnel
Bellet	Belot
	Beufort
Baudewin	Baudewine
Beaumont
Burdon	Burdon
Berteuilay	Bertevyley
Barre	Barte
Busseuile	Busseuile
Blunt	Blunt
Beaupere	Beawper
Beuill
Barduedor
Brette	Bret
Barrett	Barret
Bonrett
Bainard
Barniuale	Barneuale
Bonett
Barry	Barry
Bryan
Bodin	Bodyt
Beteuile	Berteuile
Bertin	Bertine
Bereneuile
Bellewe	Belew
Beuery
Busshell	Buschell
Boranuile
Browe
Beleuers	Beleners
Buffard	Buffard
Boteler	Boteler
Bonueier
Boteuile	Botuile
Bellire
Bastard
Bainard
Brasard	Brasard
Beelhelme	Belhelme
Braine
Brent
Braunch	Braunche
Belesuz	Bolesur
Blundell	Blundel
Burdet	Burdet
Bagot	Bigot
	Beaupount
Beauuise
Belemis
Beisin
Bernon
Boels	Bools
Belefroun	Belefroun
Brutz
Barchampe	Barchampe
C.	C.
Camois	Camos
Camuille	Chanuille
Chawent	Chawent
Chauncy	Chancy
Conderay	Couderay
Coluile	Coluile
Chamberlaine	Chamberlaine
Chamburnoun	Chambernoune
Comin
Columber
Cribett	Cribet
Creuquere
Corbine	Corbine
Corbett	Corbet
	Coniers
Chaundos	Chaundos
	Coucy
Chaworth	Chaworthe
Cleremaus	Claremaus
Clarell	Clarell
Chopis
	Camnine
Chaunduit	Chaunduyt
	Claruays
Chantelow	Chantilowe
Chamberaye
	Colet
Cressy	Cressy
Curtenay	Courtenay
Conestable	Constable
	Chancer
Cholmeley	Cholmelay
	Corleuile
Champney	Champeney
	Carew
Chawnos	Chawnos
Comiuile
	Claruaile
Champaine	Champain
Careuile
Carbonelle	Carbonell
Charles	Charles
Chereberge	Chareberge
Chawnes	Chawnes
Chaumont	Chawmont
Caperoun
Cheine	Cheyne
Curson	Cursen
Couille	Conell
Chaiters	Chayters
Cheines	Cheynes
Cateray	Cateray
Cherecourt	Cherecourt
Cammile	Chaunuile
Clerenay	Clereney
Curly	Curly
Cuily
Clinels
Chaundos
Courteney
Clifford	Clyfford
D.	D.
Denauille	Deauuile
Dercy	Dercy
Diue	Dine
Dispencere	Dispencer
Daubeny
Daniell	Daniel
Denise and Druell	Denyse
	Druell
Deuaus	Devaus
Dauers	Dauers
Dodingsels	Doningsels
Darell	Darell
Delaber	Delabere
Delapole	De la Pole
Delalinde	De la Lind
Delahill	De la Hill
Delaware	De la Wate
Delauache	De la Watche
Dakeny	Dakeny
Dauntre	Dauntre
Desny	Desuye
Dabernoune	Dabernoune
Damry	Damry
Daueros	Daueros
Dauonge
Duilby
Delauere	De la Vere
Delahoid
Durange
Delee	De Liele
Delaund
Delaward	De la Warde
Delaplanch	De la Planch
Damnot
Danway	Danway
Dehense	De Hewse
Deuile
Disard	Disard
Doiuile
Durant	Durant
Drury	Diury
Dabitot
Dunsteruile
Dunchampe
Dambelton
E.	E.
Estrange	Estrange
Estuteuile	Estutauille
	Escriols
Engaire	Engayne
Estriels
	Euers
Esturney	Esturney
F.	F.
Ferrerers
Foluille	Foluile
Fitz Water	Fitz Water
Fitz Marmaduke	Fitz Marmadux
Fleuez
Filberd	Fiberd
Fitz Roger	Fitz Roger
	Fitz Robert
Fauecourt	Fanecourt
Ferrers
Fitz Philip	Fitz Philip
Filiot
Furniueus
Furniuaus
Fitz Otes
Fitz William	Fitz William
Fitz Roand
Fitz Pain	Fitz Paine
Fitz Auger
Fitz Aleyn	Fitz Alyne
Fitz Rauff	Fitz Raulfe
Fitz Browne	Fitz Browne
Fouke	Foke
Freuil	Freuile
Front de Boef
Facunberge	Faconbrige
Fort
Frisell	Frissell
Fitz Simon
Fitz Fouk
Filioll	Filioll
Fitz Thomas	Fitz Thomas
Fitz Morice	Fitz Morice
Fitz Hugh	Fitz Hugh
Fitz Henric
Fitz Waren	Fitz Warren
Fitz Rainold
Flamuile	Faunuile
Formay	Formay
Fitz Eustach
Fitz Laurence
Formibaud	Formiband
Frisound	Frison
Finere and Fitz Robert	Finer
	Fitz Vrcy
Furniuale	Furniuall
Fitz Geffrey
Fitz Herbert	Fitzs Herbert
Fitz Peres
Fichet
Fitz Rewes
Fitz Fitz
Fitz Iohn	Fitz Iohn
Fleschampe
G.	G.
Gurnay
	Gargraue
Gressy
Graunson	Graunson
Gracy	Gracy
Georges
	Glanuile
Gower	Gouer
Gaugy
Goband
	Gascoyne
Gray	Gray
Gaunson
Golofre	Golofer
Gobion
Grensy
Graunt	Grauns
Greile
Greuet
Gurry
Gurley	Gurly
Grammori
Gernoun
Grendon
Gurdon	Gurdon
Gines
Griuil
Greneuile
Glateuile
Gurney
Giffard
Gouerges
Gamages	Gamages
	Gaunt
H.	H.
Haunteny
Haunsard	Hansard
Hastings	Hastings
Hanlay	Haulay
Haurell
Husee	Husie
Hercy
Herioun
Heme	Heme
Harecourt
Henoure
Houell
Hamelin	Hamelyn
Harewell	Harewell
Hardell	Hardel
Hakett	Hecket
Hamound	Hamound
Harcord	Harecord
I.	I.
Iarden	Iarden
Iay	Iay
Ieniels
Ierconuise
Ianuile	Ianuile
Iasperuile	Iasperuile
K.	K.
Kaunt
Karre	Karre
Karrowe	Karron
Koine
Kimaronne
Kiriell	Kyriell
Kancey
Kenelre
L.	L.
	Lestrange
Loueny	Leuony
Lacy
Linneby
Latomer	Latomere
Loueday	Loueday
	Logenton
Louell	Leuel
	Lescrope
Lemare	Lemare
Leuetot
	Litterile
Lucy	Lucy
Luny
	Lislay, or Liele
Logeuile
Longespes	Longspes
Louerace
Longechampe	Lonschampe
Lascales	Lastels
Lacy
	Lindsey
Louan
Leded
Luse
Loterell	Loterel
Loruge
Longeuale	Longuaile
	Lewawse
Loy	Loy
Lorancourt
Loions
Limers
Longepay
Laumale
Lane	Laue
	Le Despenser
Louetot
M.	M.
Mohant
Mowne
Maundeuile
Marmilon	Marmilon
Moribray	Moribray
Moruile	Moruile
Miriell
Manlay	Manley
Malebraunch	Malebranche
Malemaine	Malemaine
	Muschampe
Mortimere
	Musgraue
	Mesni-le-Villers
Mortimaine	Mortmaine
Muse	Muse
Marteine	Marteine
Mountbother	Mountbocher
Mountsoler
Maleuile	Maleuile
Malet
Mounteney	Mountney
Monfichet
Maleherbe	Maleherbe
Mare
Musegros	Musgros
Musard	Musard
Moine
Montravers	Mautrauers
Merke	Merke
Murres	Murres
Mortiuale
Monchenesy
Mallory
Marny
Mountagu	Montagu
Mountford
Maule
Monhermon
Musett
Meneuile
Manteuenant and Manfe
Menpincoy
Maine
Mainard
Morell
Mainell
Maleluse
Memorous
Morreis
Morleian Maine
Maleuere
	Montalent
Mandut	Mandute
Mountmarten
Mantelet
	Manle
Miners
	Malory
Mauclerke
	Merny
Maunchenell
Mouet
Meintenore
	Muffet
Meletak
Manuile
Mangisere
Maumasin
Mountlouel
Mawreward
Monhaut
Meller
Mountgomerie
Manlay
Maulard
	Menpincoy
Mainard	Mainard
Menere
Martinast
Mare
	Morell
	Morley
	Mountmartin yners
	Mauley
Mainwaring	Mainwaring
Matelay
Malemis
	Mantell
Malehaire
Moren
Melun
Marceans
Maiell	Mayel
Morton	Morton
N.	N.
Noers
Neuile	Neuile
Newmarch	Neumarche
	Norton
Norbet	Norbet
Norice	Norece
Newborough	Newborough
Neiremet
Neile	Neele
Normauile	Normanuile
Neofmarch
Nermitz
Nembrutz
O	O.
Oteuell	Olenel
Olibef	Olibet
Olifant	Olifaunt
Osenel
Oisell	Oysell
Olifard	Oliford
Orinall
Orioll	Oryoll
P.	P.
Pigot	Pigot
Pery	Pecy
Perepount	Perecount
Pershale	Pershale
Power	Power
Painell	Paynel
Perche and Pauey	Peche
Peurell	Peuerell
Perot	Perot
Picard	Picard
	Pudsey
Pinkenie
Pomeray	Pimeray
Pounce	Pounsey
Pauely
Paifrere
Plukenet
Phuars
Punchardoun	Punchardon
Pinchard	Pynchard
Placy	Placy
Pugoy
Patefine	Patine
Place
Pampilioun	Pampilion
Percelay
Perere and Pekeny
Poterell	Poterell
Peukeney	Pekeney
	Perwinke
Peccell
Pinell
Putrill
Petiuoll
Preaus
Pantolf
Peito
Penecord	Penicord
Preudirlegast
Perciuale
Q.	Q.
Quinci	Quincy
Quintiny	Quintine
R.	R.
Ros	Rose
Ridell	Ridle
Riuers
Riuell	Rynel
Rous	Rous
Rushell	Russel
Raband
Ronde	Rond
Rie
Rokell
Risers
Randuile
Roselin
Rastoke
Rinuill
Rougere
Rait
Ripere
Rigny
Richemound	Richmond
Rochford	Rocheford
Raimond	Reymond
S.	S.
Souch	Seuche
Sheuile
Seucheus
Senclere
Sent Quintin	Seint Quintine
Sent Omere	Seint Omer
Sent Amond	Seint Amand
Sent Legere	Seint Leger
Someruile	Soueruile
Siward
Saunsouere
Sanford	Sanford
Sanctes
Sauay
Saulay
Sules
Sorell
Somerey	Somery
Sent Iohn
Sent George	Seint George
Sent Les	Seint Les
Sesse
Saluin	Sauine
Say
Solers
Saulay
	Seint Clo
Sent Albin	Seint Albine
Sent Martin
Sourdemale
Seguin
Sent Barbe	Seinte Barbe
Sent Vile
Souremount
Soreglise
Sanduile	Sandeuile
Sauncey
Sirewast
Sent Cheueroll
Sent More	Seint More
Sent Scudemore	Seint Scudemor
T.	T.
	Tows
Toget	Toget
	Talybois
Tercy
Tuchet	Tuchet
Tracy
	Truslot
Trousbut	Trusbut
Trainell	Traynel
Taket	Taket
Trussel and Trison
Talbot	Talbot
Touny
Traies
Tollemach
Tolous
Tanny	Tanny
Touke
Tibtote	Tibtote
	Trussell
Turbeuile	Turbeuill
Turuile	Turuile
Tomy and Tauerner
Trencheuile
Trenchelion
Tankeruile
Tirell
Triuet
Tolet
Trailers
Tardeuile
Turburuile
Tineuille
Torell	Torel
	Tauers
Tortechappell
	Torel
Trusbote
Treuerell
	Tirell
Tenwis
Totelles	Totels
	Tauerner
V.	V.
Vere
Vernoun
Vescy
Verdoune
Valence	Valence
Verdeire
	Vancord
Vauasour	Vauasour
Vendore	Vender
Verlay
	Verder
Valenger
	Verdon
Venables
	Aubrie de Vere
Venoure
	Vernoun
Vilan
Verland	Verland
Valers
	Verlay
	Vernois
Veirny	Verny
Vauuruile
	Vilan
Veniels
	Vmframuile
Verrere
Vschere
Veffay
Vanay
Vian
Vernoys
Vrnall
Vnket	Vnket
	Vrnall
Vrnafull
Vasderoll
Vaberon
Valingford
Venicorde
Valiue
Viuille
Vancorde and Valenges
W.	W.
Wardebois
Ward
Wafre
Wake	Wake
	Waledger
	Warde
	Wardebus
Wareine	Waren
Wate	Wate
Watelin	Wateline
Wateuil	Wateuile
Wely	Woly
Werdonell
Wespaile
Wiuell	Wyuell

LELAND'S ROLL.

[Alphabetically arranged.]

Aumarill et Deyncourt

Audel et Aungeloun

Argenteyn et Avenele

Sainct Amande et Adryelle

Avenel et S. Amary

Aimeris et Aveneris

Bertrem et Buttencourt

Biard et Biford

Bardolf et Basset

Bigot et Boown

Baillof et Boundeville

Briansoun et Baskerville

Burnel et Buttevillain

Bruys et Dispencer

Boys et Boteler

Brabasoun et Bevers

Braund et Baybof

Bruys et Burgh

Bavent et Bussy

Bretonn et Blundet

Baius et Bluett

Banestre et Bekard

Bealum et Beauchamp

Baudyn et Bray

Burdet et Boroun

Baudewyn et Beaumont

Blundet et Burdoun

Barray et Bretevile

Blounte et Boseville

Benny et Boyvile

Broth et Barbedor

Baret et Bourte

Byngard et Bernevale

Bonet et Barry

Brian et Bidin

Buscel et Bevery

Bernevile et Bretevile

Belew et Bertin

Broy et Bromevile

Bleyn et Breicourt

Busard et Belevile

Camoys et Cameville

Chavent et Chauncy

Chaumberlayn et Chaumberoun

Comyn et Columber

Corby et Gorbet

Chaundoys et Chaward

Challouns et Challeys

Clerevalx et Clarel

Chapes et Chaudut

Cauntelow et Coubray

Crescy et Courteny

Constable et Tally

Champeneys et Chanceus

Coursoun et Courtevile

Chartres et Chenil

Deyville et Darcy

Daubenay et Deverelle

Denyas et Druel

Delahay et Haunsard

Dodingle et Darell

De Lalaund et de l'Isle

De la Pole et Pinkeney

De Wake et De la War

De la Marche et De la Mare

Dakeny et Dautre

Diseney et Dabernoun

Damary et Deveroys

Daverenges et Duylly

De la Rivers et Revel

Destraunges et Delatoun

Dulee et De la Laund

De la Valet et Veylaund

Damot et Damay

Duraunt et Doreny

Disart et Doynell

De la Huse et Howell

Estraunge et Estoteville

Fererers et Foleville

Fiz Walter et Werdoun

Fenes et Felebert

Fitz Roger et Fitz Robert

Fovecourt et Feniers

Fitz Philip et Fliot

Fourneux et Fournivaus

Fitz Alayne et Gilebof

Fitz William et Watervile

Fitz Robert et Fitz Aleyne

Fitz Ralph et Rosel

Fitz Brian et Bracy

Fryville et Fressel

Fitz Rauf et Filiol

Fitz Thomas et Tibol

Fitz Morice et S. More

Fitz Hugh et Fitz Henry

Fitz Arviz et Esturmy

Fitz Raynald et Roscelin

Fitz Marmaduke et Mountrivel

Fitz Eustace et Eustacy

Fermbaud et Frisoun

Fichent et Trivet

Gurnay et Greilly

Graunson et Tracy

Gorgeise et Gower

Griketot et Grevequer

Gaunt et Garre

Genevile et Gifard

Gaugy et Gobaude

Gray et Graunson

Galofer et Gubion

Grymward et Geroun

Glancourt et Chaumont

Graundyn et Gerdoun

Hautein et Hauville

Hastings et Haulley

Hurell et Husee

Hercy et Heroun

Heryce et Harecourt

Hayward et Henour

Hameline et Hareville

Jardin et Jay

Kymarays et Kyriel

Kanceis et Revelers

Loveyne et Lascy

Lymesey et Latymer

Lungvilers et S. Ligiere

Loveday et Lovel

Lenias et Levecote

Lascels et Lovein

Longvil et Longespe

Loverak et Longchaump

Lifford et Osevile

Loring et Loterel

Lisours et Longvale

La Muile et Lownay

Liof et Limers

Mohaut et Mooun

Morley et Moundevile

Moubray et Morvile

Menevile et Mauley

Malebuche et Malemayn

Morteine et Mortimer

Muse et Martine

Mountburgh et Mounsorel

Maleville et Malet

Mounfey et Mounfichet

Maleberge et Marre

Mussegros et Musard

Maingun et Montravers

Merkingfel et Mourreis

Montagu et Mountfort

Mautalent et Maudict

Maunys et Meulos

Mortivaux et Monthensy

Mallop et Marny

Maihermer et Muschet

Menyle et Maufe

Maucovenant et Mounpinson

Maoun et Mainard

Malebys et Mounceus

Myriet et Morley

Mauliverer et Mouncy

Mauclerk et Maners

Musteys et Merlay

Mauches et Mascy

Movet et S. Martine

Male Kake et Mauncel

Mangysir et Mauveysin

Maulovel et Maurewarde

Neners et Nereville

Newmarch et Newbet

Neville et Newburgh

Nairmere et Fitz Neel

Otinel et S. Thomer

Onatule et Cheyni

Oysel et Olifard

Pygot et Percy

Power et Panel, alias Paignel

Peche et Peverelle

Perot et Pykarde

Poynce et Pavely

Paifrer et Plukenet

Peverel et Fitz Payne

Pikard et Pinkadoun

Perpounte et Fitz Peris

Pugoys et Paiteny

Perrers et Pavillioun

Percehay et Pereris

Quincy et S. Quintine

Querru et Coigners

Ros et Ridel

Ryvers et Ryvel

Rugetius et Fitz Rohaut

Ry et Rokell

Rysers et Reynevil

Rivers et Ripere

Soucheville, Coudray et Colleville

S. Cloyis et S. Clere

Sainct Amande et Adryelle

Someraye et Howarde

Saunzaver et Saunford

Sainct Tese et Sauvay

Souley et Soules

Sorel et Somery

S. John et S. Jory

S. Leo et Luscy

Saunzpour et Fitz Simon

Salvayn et Say

Sesee et Solers

Sovereng et Suylly

Surdevale et Sengryn

S. Barbe et Sageville

Tregos et Treylly

Tuchet et Trussell

Takel et Talbot

Tourbeville et Tipitot

Thays et Tony

Tuk et Tany

Thorny et Thornille

Tyriet et Turley

Tolimer et Treville

Tourys et Tay

Tingez et Gruyele

Tinel et Traville

Tolet et Tisoun

Tarteray et Chercourt

Vipount et Umfraville

Veer et Vinoun

Vuasteneys et Waville

Vescy et Verders

Valence et Vaus

Vavasor et Warroys

Verbois et Wacelay

Vallonis et Vernoun

Vendour et Veroun

Venables et Venour

Vilain et Valeris

Vernoun et Waterville

Warenne et Wauncy

Waville et Warley

Waloys et Levele

Wace et Wyvile

Warde et Werlay

Walangay et Fitzwarin

Wemerlay et Wamervile

DIVE'S ROLL

Ours d'Abbetot

Roger d'Abernon

Achard

Ruaud l'Adoube

Norman d'Adreci

Engenouf de l'Aigle

Aioul

Bernard d'Alencon

Guillaume Alis

Geoffroi Alselin

Hugue L'Ane

Richer d'Andeli

Ansgot

Guillaume d'Ansleville

Honfroi d'Ansleville

Fouque d'Appeville

Guillaume L'Archer

Arnoul d'Ardre

David d'Argentan

D'Argouges

Guillaume d'Arques

Osberne d'Arques

Robert d'Armentieres

Roger Arundel

Robert d'Auberville

Roger d'Auberville

Seri d'Auberville

Neel d'Aubigny

Guillaume d'Audrieu

Goubert d'Aufay

Robert d'Aumale

Guillaume de l'Aune

Raoul d'Aunou

D'Auvrecher d'Angerville

Hugue d'Avranches

Rahier d'Avre

Azor

Renaud de Bailleul

Geoffroi Bainard

Raoul Baignard

Guineboud de Balon

Hamelin de Balon

Raoul de Bans

Raoul de Bapaumes

Robert de Barbes

Guillaume Basset

Raoul Basset

Robert Le Bastard

Bavent

Eude, eveque de Bayeux

Hugue de Beauchamp

Guillaume de Beaufou

Richard de Beaumais

Henri de Beaumont

Goubert de Beauvais

Geoffroi du Bec

Guillaume Belet

Ours de Bercheres

Raoul de Bernai

Hugue de Bernieres

Herve Le Berrurier

Guillaume Bertran

Neel de Berville

Dreu de La Beuvriere

Richard de Bienfaite

Roger Bigot

Guillaume de Biville

Honfroi de Biville

Guimond de Blangi

Gilbert Le Blond

Guillaume Le Blond

Gilbert de Blosseville

Raoul Blouet

Robert Blouet

Hugue de Bois Hebert

Honfroi de Bohon

Roger Boissel

Hugue de Bolbec

Richard de Bondeville

Guillaume Bonvalet

Guillaume du Bosc

Roger de Bosc Normand

Guillaume de Bosc Roard

Roger de Bosc Roard

Raoul Botin

Guillaume de Bourneville

Hugue Bourdet

Robert Bourdet

Fouque Le Bourguignon

Guillaume de Brai

Hugue de Brebeuf

Auvrai Le Breton

Roger de Breteuil

Gilbert de Bretteville

Osberne du Breuil

De Briqueville

Renier de Brimou

Guillaume de Briouse

Robert de Brix

Raoul de La Bruiere

Robert de Buci

Gilbert de Budi

Roger de Bulli

Serlon de Burci

Erneis de Buron

Guillaume de Bursigni

Fouque de Caen

Maurin de Caen

Guillaume de Cahaignes

Guillaume de Cailly

Guillaume de Cairon

Geoffroi de Cambrai

De Canouville

Carbonnel

Guillaume de Cardon

Guillaume de Carnet

Honfroi de Carteret

Mauger de Carteret

Roger de Carteret

Guillaume de Castillon

Guillaume de Ceauce

Eude, comte de Champagne

Robert de Chandos

Roger de Chandos

Raoul de Chartres

Anquetil de Cherbourg

Guillaume La Chevre

Gonfroi de Cioches

Sigar de Cioches

Fouque de Claville

De Clinchamps

Gilbert de Colleville

Guillaume de Colleville

Baudoin de Colombieres

Raoul de Colombieres

Renouf de Colombelles

Raoul de Conteville

Robert Corbet

Roger Corbet

Guillaume Corbon

Hugue de Corbon

Ansfroi de Cormeilles

Goscelin de Cormeilles

Aubri de Couci

Raoul de Courbepine

Robert de Courcelles

Richard de Courcy

Robert de Courcon

Gui de Craon

Mile Crespin

Renaud Croc

Robert Cruel

Honfroi de Culai

Eude Cul de Loup

De Cussy

Daniel

Danneville

Guillaume de Daumerai

Guillaume Le Despensier

Robert Le Despensier

Beuselin de Dives

Hugue de Dol

Fouque de Douai

Goscelin de Douai

Amauri de Dreux

Herman le Dreux

Guillaume de Durville

Hardouin d'Ecalles

Ecouland

Guillaume d'Ecouis

Richard Engagne

Auvrai d'Espagne

Herve d'Espagne

Guillaume Espec

Raoul L'Estourmi

Richard L'Estourmi

Guillaume d'Eu

Osberne d'Eu

Robert, comte d'Eu

Guillaume, comte d'Evreux

Roger d'Evreux

Guillaume de Falaise

Guillaume de Fecamp

Henri de Ferrieres

Robert fils de Geroud

Guillaume fils d'Osberne

Turstain fils de Rou

Toustain fils d'Unspac

Baudoin Le Flamand

Eude Le Flamand

Gerboud Le Flamand

Guinemard Le Flamand

Hugue Le Flamand

Josce Le Flamand

Renouf Flambard

Guillaume Folet

Etienne de Fontenai

Guillaume de La Foret

Neel Fossard

Guillaume de Fougeres

Raoul de Fougeres

Eude de Fourneaux

Raoul Framan

Richard Fresle

De Fribois

Robert Froment

Raoul de Gael

Gilbert de Gand

Gilbert Gibard

Berenger Giffard

Fouke Giffard

Osberne Giffard

Girard

Robert de Glanville

Guillaume Goulaffre

Hugue de Gournai

Neel de Gournai

Anquetil de Grai

Aubert Greslet

Gautier de Grancourt

Hugue de Grentemesnil

Turold de Grenteville

Robert Guernon

Toustain de Guernon

Geoffroi de La Guierche

Gautier Hachet

Robert de Harcourt

Raoul de Hauville

Herve d'Helion

D'Hericy

Arnoul de Hesdin

Gautier Heuse

Hugue de Hodenc

Hugue de Hoto

D'Houdetot

Gautier d'Incourt

Honfroi de l'Ile

Raoul de l'Ile

Achard d'Ivri

Hugue d'Ivri

Roger d'Ivri

Gautier de Laci

Hugue de Laci

Ibert de Laci

Roger de Laci

Landri

Lanfranc

Raoul de Languetot

Guillaume de Letre

Raoul de Limesi

Roger de Lisieux

Fouque de Lisors

Bigot de Loges

Robert de Lorz

Guillaume de Loucelles

Guillaume de Louvet

Hugue de Maci

Durand Malet

Gilbert Malet

Guillaume Malet

Robert Malet

Guillaume de Malleville

Gilbert Maminot

Hugue Maminot

Geoffroi de Mandeville

Hugue de Manneville

Toustain Mantel

Guillaume de La Mare

Hugue de La Mare

Geoffroi Le Marechal

Geoffroi Martel

Raoul de Marsi

De Mathan

Guillaume Maubenc

Gonfroi Mauduit

Guillaume Mauduit

Geoffroi Maurouard

Richard de Meri

Du Merle

Auvrai de Merleberge

Robert, comte de Meulan

Baudoin de Meules

Roger de Meules

Hugue de Mobec

Guillaume de Monceaux

Ansger de Montaigu

Dreu de Montaigu

Hubert de Mont Canisi

Geoffroi de Montbrai

Robert de Montbrai

De Montfiquet

Hugue de Montfort

Robert de Montfort

Hugue de Montgomeri

Roger de Montgomeri

Robert, comte de Mortaine

Mathieu de Mortagne

Raoul de Mortemer

Robert des Moutiers

Guillaume de Moyon

Roger de Moyaux

Gautier de Mucedent

Neel de Munneville

Robert Murdac

Hascouf Musard

Hugue Musard

Roger de Mussegros

Bernard du Neufmarche

Richard de Neuville

Raoul de Noron

Guillaume de Noyers

Roger d'Oistreham

Gautier d'Omontville

Roger d'Orbec

D'Orglande

Osmond

Raoul d'Ouilli

Robert d'Ouilli

Raoul Painel

Bernard Pancevolt

Guillaume Pantoul

Turould de Papelion

Foucher de Paris

Guillaume de Parthenay

Osberne Pastforeire

Guillaume Peche

Arnoul de Perci

Guillaume de Perci

Geoffroi, comte de la Perche

Guillaume Pevrel

Renouf Pevrel

Roger Picot

Anscoul de Picquigni

Guillaume de Picquigni

Geoffroi de Pierrepont

Renaud de Pierrepont

Robert de Pierrepont

Raoul Pinel

Raoul Pipin

Roger de Pistres

Guillaume Poignant

Richard Poignant

Guillaume de Poillei

Thierri Pointel

Guernon de Pois

Guillaume Le Poitevin

Roger Le Poitevin

Raoul de La Pommeraie

Robert de Pontchardon

Guillaume de Pont-de-l'Arche

Hubert de Port

Hugue de Port

Gui de Rainecourt

Enguerrand de Raimbeaucourt

Gui de Raimbeaucourt

Roger de Rames

Ravenot

Hugue de Rennes

Guillaume de Reviers

Richard de Reviers

Robert de Rhuddlan

Gautier de Risbou

Goscelin de La Riviere

Robert de Romenel

Vauquelin de Rosai

Anquetil de Ros

Ansgot de Ros

Geoffroi de Ros

Serlo de Ros

Alain Le Roux

Geoffroi de Runeville

Richard de Sacquenville

Richard de Saint Clair

Roger de Saint Germain

Renaud de Sainte Helene

Toustain de Sainte Helene

Robert de Saint Leger

Bernard de Saint Ouen

De Sainte Marie d'Agneaux

Hugue de Saint Quentin

Raoul de Saint Sanson

Gautier de Saint Valeri

Renouf de Saint Valeri

Sanson

Osberne de Saussai

Raoul de Saussai

Raoul de Savigni

Eude Le Seneschal

Hamon Le Seneschal

Simon de Senlis

Ansger de Senarpont

Guillaume de Sept Meules

Hugue Silvestre

Roger de Sommeri

Richard de Sourdeval

Guillaume de Taillebois

Ive de Taillebois

Raoul de Taillebois

Geoffroi Talbot

Richard Talbot

Auvrai de Tanie

Guimond de Tessel

Robert Thaon

Raoul du Theil

Honfroi de Tilleul

De Tilly

Toustain Tinel

Gilbert Tison

Berenger de Toeni

Guillaume de Toeni

Ibert de Toeni

Juhel de Toeni

Raoul de Toeni

Robert de Toeni

Renaud de Torteval

De Touchet

Geoffroi de Tournai

Raoul de Tourlaville

De Tournebut

Raoul de Tourneville

Toustain

Raoul Tranchard

Geoffroi de Trelli

Pierre de Valonges

Guillaume de Vatteville

Richard de Vatteville

Robert de Vatteville

Ansfroi de Vaubadon

Osmond de Vaubadon

Renouf de Vaubadon

Guillaume de Vauville

Aitard de Vaux

Robert de Vaux

Ive de Veci

Robert de Veci

Gilbert de Venables

De Venois

Guillaume de Ver

Bertran de Verdun

Gautier de Vernon

Huard de Vernon

Richard de Vernon

Hugue de Vesli

Robert de Vesli

Le Vicomte

Robert de Villon

Honfroi Vis-de-Loup

Raoul Vis-de-Loup

Vital

Robert de Vitot

Hugue de Viville

Wadard

Osberne de Wanci

Guillaume de Warenne

Gilbert de Wissant

NAMES ADDED TO THIS LIST BY M. DE MAGNY IN THE
'NOBILIAIRE DE NORMANDIE.'
Bernard, fils de Herve, due d'Orleans	De Folleville
Alain Fergant, comte de Bretagne	De Gace
Neel, vicomte du Cotentin	Gouhier
Odon, eveque de Bayeux	Robert Grante
Herbert d'Aigneaux	Robert Gruel
Eustache d'Ambleville	Harenc (tige de la maison de Gauville)
Avenel des Biards	Robert de la Haye
Martel de Bacqueville	De la Haye-Malherbe
Guillain de Banville	Herce
De Barville	Houel
De Bay nee	De Janville
Eude de Beaujeu	De Malherbe
Toussaint du Bec	De Mallebranche
De Breaute	De Mauvoisin
De Brecey	Payen du Montier
Hamon de Cayeu	De Roumare
De Chambray	De Rupierre
De Courtenay	Russel, alias Rozel
De Coville	De Tancarville
De Creuilly, issu de la race des dues de	Raoul Tesson
Normandie	Amaury de Thouars
Doynel	De Tillieres
Etienne Erard	De Tracy
D' Espinay	D'Unfraville
D'Estouteville	Guillain de Vieux-Pont

I have given these exactly as M. de Magny has himself noted them, only omitting the second notice of the Viscount of the Cotentin as "Neel de St. Sauveur." But two of them are not in reality additions; for Robert Gruel is obviously the same person given in the Dives Roll, more correctly, as Robert Cruel; Toussaint de Bec and Turstain fils de Rou, the standard-bearer at Hastings, are also identical; and I may add that I do not believe any real distinction can be drawn between Herce and Hericy.